Sanskrit Declinables Part 2

The declinables are of 2 major types :-

1. The सुबन्त words or विभक्ति termination words. These are nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals. They change/decline based on how they are used in the sentence, (see the previous post "Sanskrit Declinables Part 1" for more information on the usage.)


2. The तिङन्त words or पुरुषप्रत्यय termination words. These are verbs, and they change/decline based on the subject’s person and plurality. Since there are 3 persons and 3 plural forms, the total forms that each tidantha word can take can be shown in a 3x3 matrix. For e.g. E.g., भव – to be

number person	Singular	Dual	Plural
Third	भवति	भवतः	भवंति
Second	भवसि	भवथः	भवथ
First	भवामि	भवावः	भवामः

To be contd....

Sanskrit: Declinables - 1

The declinables are words which may change according to how they are being used in a sentence...that is......for example, if the word is the कर्तु पदः(Nominative) then it is pronounced differently than if it were the कर्म पदः (Objective). There are 8 cases of these words......and in each case, the word again declines(changes) depending on the plurality. This is depicted as a 8 by 3 matrix, for each word. Fortunately, for each word that ends in a specific vowel or consonant, the matrix remains the same. So, if we know how to form the cases and persons for Raama, then it is as good as knowing for all words that are pullingas and ending with the vowel a. (Like Shaama, Bheema etc.,)
 
E.g., अ कार अन्त पुल्लिन्ग रामः पद

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural	When to apply/when this word denotes
प्रथमा	रामः	रामौ	रामाः	Subject of the sentence
संबोधना प्रथमा	हे राम	हे रामौ	हे रामाः	Addressing the subject
द्वितीया	रामम्	रामौ	रामान्	Object of the verb
त्रतीया	रामेण	रामाभ्याम्	रामैः	Sense of preposition (By, with, by means of)
चतुर्थी	रामाय	रामाभ्याम्	रामेभ्यः	To, For
पंचमी	रामात्	रामाभ्याम्	रामेभ्यः	From, Out of, than
षष्टी	रामस्य	रामयोः	रामाणाम्	Of, Among, Belonging to
सप्तमी	रामे	रामयोः	रामेषु	In, on, At, Among

To be contd......

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English: Parts of speech - 2

4. verb: The word that denotes an action.
E.g., run, eat, help etc.

5. adverb: The word that enhances or qualifies the action.
E.g., ran quickly, ate urgently........

6. preposition: The word in the sentence which relates the subject to another word in the sentence.
E.g., The chair is near the table. He was seen somewhere in the downtown near the cinema hall.


7. Conjunction: The word which joins two sentences or phrases.
E.g.,  The team is expected to arrive at 3 P M after which the game will begin.


8. Interjection: The word or phrase that denotes an act of exclamation.
 E.g., Hi ! It's been a long time. Welcome folks! Make yourselves at home. 

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English - Parts of Speech - 1

The different words that form a meaningful sentence are called "parts of speech".

There are 8 parts of speech. 

1. Noun: A word that denotes a person, place or thing.
E.g., fossils, Ram, Ramayana, cheese, cow, Darkness......

2. Pronoun: A word that can be used as a substitute to a noun.

E.g., He, She, It, I, me, You, Thou.....

3. Adjective: A word that enhances, describes a noun or a pronoun or another adjective.

E.g. the class, rare fossils, blue cheese, dark blue sky.....

To be contd.......

Sanskrit - Consonants

In Sanskrit, consonants are also referred to as ‘हलः’. So the term हलन्त (halantha) means words ending with consonants.

The consonants of Sanskrit are:
क् ख् ग् घ् ङ्
च् छ् ज् झ् ञ् 
ट् ठ् ड् ढ् ण्
त् थ् द् ध् न्
प् फ् ब् भ् म्
य् र् ल् व् श् ष् स् ह् क्ष् त्र् ज्ञ्

Some examples of words ending in a consonant are:
वणिज् (merchant), जलमुच् (cloud), राज् (king)

Subhaashithaas (wise sayings)

स्वभावो नोपदेशेन शक्यते कर्तुमन्यथा |
सुतप्तमपि पानीयम् पुनर्गच्छति शीतताम् ||

It is not possible to make anyone do something other than his nature, just by preaching to that person. Water may get hot when it is heated, but it returns to being cold after sometime.

Sanskrit: swaraas

In Sanskrit, swaraas are also called 'achaha'. So, if we come across a term 'achantha' then we should understand that these are words ending with swaraas.

Swaraas of Sanskrit

अ आ इ ई उ ऊ त्र ऋ ॡ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः

They should be pronounced as below:
A, aa, e, ee, u(as in put), oo(as in fool), Ru, Ruu, Lru, e(as in hen), ei(as in eight), o(as in oh), Ou(as in couch), um(as in hum), aha(as in Mahal).

Some achanta words:

राम, कवि, गुरु, पितु

Subhaashitaa (worthy sayings)

श्लोकार्धेन प्रवक्ष्यामि यदुक्तं ग्रन्थकोटिभिः ।
परोपकारः पुण्याय पापाय परपीडनम् ॥

Let me announce in half a shloka what's been told in several sacred books. Being helpful to others brings punya whereas disturbing others accumulates sin.

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